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An axial ventilator (also called axial fan) is a special type of fan that sucks in and expels air or other gaseous media in the direction of the motor axis or parallel to the drive axis.
The rotation of the impeller, equipped with blades (also called vanes or vanes), drives the air flow through aerodynamic forces. The discharge direction is also axial.
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The impeller is driven by an electric motor and the air is conveyed in the direction of the motor shaft axis.
The axial ventilator impeller has a blade arrangement similar to an aircraft propeller or a ship's propeller. The air is drawn axially from the suction side in front of the fan toward the impeller's axis of rotation and then expelled back out through the system to the pressure side.
Through design measures such as the number and angle of the blades, shape properties, and more, the axial fan can be designed according to the requirements of specific applications.
Each axial ventilator typically consists of an impeller and an electric motor that drives the impeller.
Depending on the motor's design, its speed can be controlled via additional electronic components (e.g. Frequency Converters). In modern motors, this control electronics is already integrated.
The motor-impeller combination requires a support structure, also called a suspension, which often includes an integrated contact guard. This suspension is attached to a nozzle on which the impeller is located. There are numerous types of nozzles. An aerodynamically well-shaped nozzle consists of an inlet and a cylindrical section. To maximise efficiency, the nozzle is equipped with a guide vane. Round nozzles or nozzles with a square cut are often chosen.
The motor, impeller, suspension, and nozzle form the basic assembly of an axial fan. Depending on the application, the rotating parts (motor and impeller) can be protected from the ingress of foreign matter by installing a protective grille.
Thanks to a wide range of additional components, axial ventilators can be adapted to specific application and installation situations, for example:
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There are four different installation options for axial fans:
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Flow-related phenomena are often the cause of dominant noiseduring operation of an axial fan. The fan accelerates the air, sets it in motion, and thereby generates a Volumetric flow. The air is deflected at the fan blades. The more the air is deflected, the more pressure the fan can generate. This creates eddies or turbulence in the air at various points on the fan (leading and trailing edges, fan head gap, or surface). Their appearance and severity depend not only on the operating point but also significantly on the installation situation.
However, an optimal design of the blade geometry can significantly improve various flow situations and thus reduce noise emissions. For the development of optimal fan aerodynamics, Bionics can provide innovative approaches to improving efficiency, noise generation, and operating behaviour.
Examples:
