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An axial fan (also referred to as an axial ventilator or blower) is a special type of fan design, which draws in and discharges air or other gaseous media in the direction of the motor axis or parallel to the drive axle.
The rotation of the blades (also known as “wings” or “propellors”) fitted on the impeller drives the air movement using aerodynamic forces. Air is also discharged in the axial direction.
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The impeller is powered by an electric motor and the air is conveyed in the direction of the motor shaft axial direction.
An axial fan impeller's blades are arranged in a similar way to an aircraft propeller or ship screw. The air is drawn in from the suction side upstream of the fan axially to the impeller's rotary axis and transported outwards through the system to the pressure side.
Design measures, e.g. number and angle of the blades, shape properties, etc., mean that the axial fan can be calculated according to the requirements of specific applications.
Each axial fan typically consists of an impeller and an electric motor that drives the impeller.
Depending on the type or version of the motor, the speed can be controlled via additional electronic components (e.g. frequency inverter). These control electronics are already permanently integrated into modern motors.
The motor/impeller combination needs something to hold it, also known as a suspension, which often has integrated contact protection. This suspension is attached to a nozzle where the impeller is located. A distinction is drawn between numerous nozzle variants. A nozzle with a good aerodynamic design consists of an inflow and a cylindrical area. To maximise efficiency, the nozzle is equipped with a guide vane. Often round nozzles or nozzles with a square cut are chosen.
Motor, impeller, suspension and nozzle form a basic axial fan package. Depending on the use case, the rotating parts (motor and impeller) can be protected against ingress of foreign objects by the installation of a guard grille.
A large number of additional components enable axial fans to be adapted to specific application and installation situations, e.g.:
Find out the ideal combination of ventilation system components to meet your individual requirements with the selection software FANselect from ZIEHL-ABEGG!
There are four different installation options for axial fans:
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Flow-related phenomena are often the reason why dominant noises are generated while an axial fan is running. The fan accelerates the air, sets it in motion and thus provides an air flow. The air is deflected on the fan's blades. The more powerfully this is deflected, the more pressure the fan can provide. Swirling or turbulence of the air occurs at various points on the fan (leading and outlet edge, head gap or surface). In addition to the operating point, their appearance and characteristics are also significantly dependent on the installation situation.
However, an optimum blade geometry design can significantly improve the various flow situations and thus reduce sound radiation. When it comes to developing optimum fan aerodynamics, biomimetics can provide innovative approaches to improving efficiency, noise development or operating behaviour.
Examples:
In addition to the typical term “axial fan”, other terms such as "axial ventilator” or “axial blower” are also used in day-to-day language. The different terms are used very differently in practice. From a technical point of view, “axial ventilator” is merely a synonym for "axial fan".
